drone_transmitter

Drone Transmitter and Receiver – Radio Control System Guide

A radio control system is made up of two elements, the transmitter you hold in your hands and the receiver you put inside your drone. Dramatically simplifying things here, your drone transmitter will read your stick inputs and send them through the air to your receiver in near real time. Once the receiver has this information it passes it on to your drones flight controller which makes the drone move accordingly. 

Frequency and Channels

A radio will have four separate channels for each direction on the sticks along with some extra ones for any auxiliary switches it may have.

Thankfully frequency and channel wise radio controls are a lot smarter than their FPV counter parts and are much easier to manage. Video transmitters and receivers for example both require setting to the correct channel along with diligent channel management every time you fly. A Radio Controller however simply needs to bind or pair with a rc radio receiver when it’s first setup.

From then on it will always link and hop over various frequencies in the 2.4Ghz band to ensure a solid link with theoretically hundreds of pilots operating at the same time.

Range Technology

The limit of range is normally where the receiver can no longer clearly hear what the transmitter telling it and typically falls in the 1km range in normal conditions. Imagine trying to talk to someone across a field The range of your radio link will be dependent on a few factors:

  1. The output power of your transmitter – Many run just below the legal maximum to be compliant with international standards.
  2. The sensitivity of the Receiver – A more sensitive receiver is like having better hearing, the signal will travel further however it may pickup more noise in certain conditions
  3. The quality of your antennas at both ends – Antennas could be an entire article on their own but basically a larger antenna will send and receive a better signal. Often optimising your antenna placement will make a huge difference to the performance to the system.

Although typical radio systems use the 2.4Ghz band, specialist long range systems such as the TBS Crossfire can run on much lower frequencies which are able to travel much further at the same power.

TBS Crossfire Micro Setup | Long Range Radio Control Link

Best Drone Radio Controllers

RadioMaster TX16S Max Pro

High End

High End Drone Transmitter

RadioMaster TX16S Max Pro

The TX16S MAX PRO has the best of everything you could ever fit into radio right from the very start. This Special Edition radio features custom anodized AG01 Full CNC Aluminum Hall Gimbals with amazing durability and a much smoother feel than the V3.

Super smooth precision Hall sensor gimbals with CNC aluminum facias, built-in USB-C charging port, class-leading ergonomics, standardized internal Multi-Module, improved key layout and menu navigation, external SD port, external UART expansion ports, improved sliders, and much more! The Lumenier MAX PRO version takes it a step further with improved switch positions and gimbal depth compared to the standard MAX model. Ships ready for Mode 2.

Best Value RC Transmitter

Taranis X9D+ SE

Top of the line

Top of the line

Taranis X9D+ SE

The Special Edition is a sprinkle of candy on top of an already tried and tested recipe. You get the Taranis X9D Plus, Plus a well designed shell, Plus the upgraded M9 hall-effect sensor gimbals, Plus improved switches, Plus cnc aluminum gimbal sticks.

Refined after many years the X9D+ SE is a special edition of the X9D+ with the majority of popular mods ready out of the box. The remote features M9 hall effect gimbals, an SMA antenna connector allowing you to use a higher gain antenna and a choice of some cool hydro dip colour options. This remote is probably the gold standard for mini quad pilots at the moment and is a great choice if you could see yourself applying these mods to your own radio in the future.

TBS Tango 2

Top of the line

Top of the line

TBS Tango 2

The TBS Tango was the first radio to come with TBS Crossfire built-in. Crossfire offers one of the lowest end-to-end latency of any TX system in the RC world, and TBS claims a range of up to 30km/ 20mi.

Tango 2 comes equipped with HAL sensor gimbals, a full-featured FreedomTX – an OpenTX fork, and a built-in 5000mAh battery. Additionally, it also has a 3.5mm audio jack and haptic sensors for audio output and vibration alerts. TBS claiming a range of 30KM for a line-of-sight flight for a transmitter that costs less than $200 is crazy! The Tango 2 comes with a gimbal that can be configured for resistance and tension and comes bundled with a spare spring set with a lower tension. This spare spring set can be used when a lower tension on the gimbal is desired. They can also double as standby replacements in case the stock ones go bad. The gimbal sticks can also be adjusted for throttle & pitch throw over +/- 10 degrees. Now there are 2 versions of the Tango 2 on offer from TeamBlackSheep – Tango 2 and Tango 2 Pro. The major difference between the two of them is the ability to fold on the gimbals on the Pro 2s. Though this is a nifty feature to have, we do not recommend getting the Tango 2 Pro over the standard Tango 2. That and a few other goodies that TBS includes with the Pro 2.

Radiomaster TX16S

Runner-up

Runner-up

Radiomaster TX16S

The RadioMaster TX16S Mark Radio Transmitter set a very high benchmark for other transmitters to live up to, and RadioMaster has come out with the second generation, the TX16S MKII.

The TX16S MKII radio features 2 types of gimbals – Hall Gimbals V4.0 and AG01 gimbals, a multi-protocol 4-in1 – 2.4GHz frequency with 16 channels – internal module, runs EdgeTX 2.6.0* out of the box, and like everything touch screen, comes 4.3″ IPS colour display. The TX16S is the full-sized radio transmitter of the RadioMaster Zorro. 2 versions of the TX16S MKII are available to buy – 2.4GHz ExpressLRS and RadioMaster’s very own 4in1 multi-protocol module. ExpressLRS version is for pilots who don’t intend on buying an external module because ELRS is gaining popularity thanks in part to its affordability and versatility. We recommend buying the 4in1 module if you are running an external module setup with the TBS CrossFire. RadioMaster has another distinction in the product lineup of the TX16S MKII – Hall Senor Gimbals and the latest AG01 Gimbals. The stock hall sensor gimbals are fine and plenty sufficient for the casual flier, but if you desire the best possible precision and butter smooth stick travel, then the latest AG01 gimbals from Radiomaster are your best bet.

Best Budget Drone Transmitter

Taranis X-Lite Pro

Lite form factor

Taranis X-Lite Pro
Taranis X-Lite Pro

Lite form factor

Taranis X-Lite Pro

Taranis X-Lite also has a smaller module bay just like the X9 lite. It’s designed for people who thumb and the only advantage is its small size. The Pro and S versions combine the benefits of the previous designs with the features of our full-sized radios, along with the newly developed ACCESS.

X-Lite Pro is a breez to handle. You can notice it’s smooth feel on your palms, and the light weight is apparent. The cool thing is that it is powered by 18650 batteries and looks like a game controller. After using it for a month I haven’t picked up my QX7. There is certanily room for improvements, but overall the X-Lite is a excellent TX worth considering. Taranis X-Lite Review. The PRO version is a high-quality, metal CNC hall sensor gimbal. The new power meter and spectrum analysis function added to the OpenTX firmware enables checking the airwaves for RF noise. Also, you can expect lower latency and enhanced performance with upgraded ACCESS transmission protocol.

Taranis QX7

Budget Tx

Budget Tx

FrSky Taranis QX 7

This radio has been manufactured to meet the needs of FPV pilots as well as cut back on the overall cost, giving the everyday pilot what they need. Enough features to do what you want all the while ensuring a price point that can’t be beat.

This radio is the slightly cheaper little brother of the Taranis X9D. For those of you unaware the X9D is the most popular radio in the mini quad world and used by a vast majority of pro pilots. This radio features the highly programmable Open TX, reasonable quality hardware and telemetry at a decent price. The QX7 maintains these core values but reduces cost slightly by removing a few switches, reducing the screen size and swapping the chargeable battery for an AA option. The design is more modern than the X9D and the relatively low price point makes this one of the most popular radios for both new and seasoned pilots this year. Ask on any forum and this will likely be your recommendation. Taranis QX7 Review

FlySKy Nirvana

Worth checking

Runner up

FlySky Nirvana

The Flysky Nirvana ( previously known as the Dark Knight from a Underground FPV) is a very interesting radio. The build quality is excelent It is great for both thumbing and pinching, but in this price range FlySky needs to step up.

The Nirvana TX is one of the most distinct radios on the market. It has two large grips, a color touchscreen, module support, back switches, integrated charger, high-quality gimbals, and a retractable antenna. It’s almost as big as Taranis X9D and fits great in the hands. The radio has some flaws but it’s certainly high quality. We’we covered the Flysky Nirvana in a indepth review, it sticked to us and we now use it on a regural basis. FlySky Nirvana Review. The ergonomics are great for thumbs or pinchers, swappable 18650 batteries are a great feature. Smooth responsive gimbals, bright touchscreen, good (not great) switch types and placement, perfect IBus response- no jitter at all.

Best Cheap Drone Transmitter

RadioMaster Zorro

Great value for money

Great value for money

RadioMaster Zorro

The RadioMaster Zorro Radio RC offers fantastic value for money and offers features that are unbeatable at the price point, in its class.

This radio controller features a large LCD display, HALL sensor gimbals, and officially supports OpenTX and EDGETX firmware out of the box. It accepts external modules – both TBS and ExpressLRS, and for convenience, can be charged via USB-C and accepts an external 2S power supply. The RadioMaster Zorro’s external module bay is compatible with nano-sized modules – TBS Nano Crossfire/ Nano Tracer /IRC Ghost. The TX comes equipped with 18350 battery compartment slots, which can be charged via the available USB-C port. To facilitate ease of transportation and avoid broken antennas, RadioMaster has cleverly incorporated foldable antennas. To make the TX truly yours, the transmitter comes with spring tension adjustments, self-adjusting throttle adjustments, and stick travel adjustments. Switching between Mode 1 and 2 is as easy as moving a slider on the back and gone are the days when disassembling the entire TX was required. On top of all these features, the TX comes equipped with an audio output port for audio-based alerts, and an SD card slot to facilitate firmware upgrade which also doubles as an extended memory slot for the transmitter.

BetaFPV LiteRadio 3 Pro

Budget option

Budget option

BetaFPV LiteRadio 3 Pro

BetaFPV has some of the most affordable micro quads in the market. The BetaFPV LiteRadio 3 radio lineup joins the list. LiteRadio 3 Pro Radio Transmitter runs with the open-source firmware – EdgeTX. It comes with HALL gimbals and adjustable spring tensioners.

The OLED display screen on top of the 3 Pro transmitter brings visually instant and relevant to the users. It also accepts nano TX modules in addition to the internal RF system, making it a multi-protocol transmitter. BetaFPV has 3 variants of the LiteRadio up for sale – LiteRadio 3 Pro, LiteRadio 3 and LiteRadio 2 SE. The main distinction between all the three radios is the gimbals, firmware and the power output of the RF modules built into them. BetaFPV claims that with the built-in 2000mAh 1S battery, LiteRadio 3 Pro can work up to 15 hours, bringing excellent endurance to the TX. The 1.3-inch OLED display screen is controlled by two 5D buttons, and settings like switching between internal/ external modules, gimbal calibration, and binding can be accessed and adjusted with the help of the display.

FlySky FS-i6

Really Cheap

Cheapest worth having 

FlySky FS-i6

FlySky FS-i6 is a excelent entry level 6-channel telemetry 2.4ghz transmitter. Great deal for the money. For $50 this Tx is packed with features and channels. Lots of receiver options are nice for various applications.

This is one of the cheapest remote currently available and for the price it is surprisingly solid. It can use a fast iBus protocol, features four configurable switches and is simple to operate. The range is reasonable but it lacks telemetry and defaults with only six channels. This remote requires 4xAA batteries to run which could get expensive. A lot of this remotes shortcomings can be easily fixed by some simple mods. Overall you can’t fault this radio for the price point however if you stick with the hobby over a year you will most likely of reached it’s limit be looking for a next level upgrade.

Comparability and Communication Protocols

Different radios speak their own languages to talk their receivers with some being faster and others being more reliable or even smaller/cheaper. This means that you must use a receiver that is compatible with your transmitter which will most likely be made by the same company.

Once the receiver has the signal it needs to communicate it to the flight controller. Different radios have different protocols for this and it is important to make sure that your flight controller and software supports it. The speed of this communication is important as it could introduce a delay into your system if too slow

Some standard protocols include

PWM – This is your classic analogue signal with one separate wire for each channel. This is now slow and outraged and should be avoided if possible

PPM – This is a slightly improved version of PWM where all the channels are sent over one wire as a series of timed pulses. This is quicker than PWM however is still not the best option.

Digital Protocols (SBUS, IBUS, DSM2/X) – Instead of relying on the timings of different pulse widths digital signals send numbers in ones and zeros which gives perfect accuracy along with even quicker response times.

For the speed and precision required to fly a mini quad you should always try to use a digital protocol with the variant being dependent on your radios manufacturer.

x-lite-qx7-r9d-taranis

FACTORS TO CONSIDER

With all this in mind lets take a look at what you should consider when choosing a radio and receiver combo whilst comparing some of the options out there.

Modes

If you have looked at some radios online you may of noticed that many give you an option to choose a different mode (eg Mode 1,2,3 or 4). These modes represent which stick does what for example which stick is the throttle.

The most common mode for mini quad pilots is mode 2 with the throttle on the left and I would suggest that you stick with this unless you have prior experience with other modes.

Once you adapt to a particular mode it will be challenging for your muscles and brain to switch! If you do go for a more exotic mode don’t worry, it’s preference for you and won’t affect anything else. Many radios allow you to open up the gimbals and switch modes at your leisure.

Gimbals

The gimbals are the sticks that you use to control your mini quad. For mode two pilots you will have one on the left controlling throttle and yaw leaving pitch and roll to the right hand gimbal.

Good gimbals can be adjusted for size, tension and can have customisable stick ends. Some gimbals have better quality sensors such as hall sensors.

These rely on magnets instead of a brushed joint which give a much smoother feel and more precise flight experience.

Pinch or Thumbs?

quadcopter-transmitter

The gimbals on a transmitter are much longer than an Xbox or Playstation controller and there is no right or wrong way to hold them.

Typical options include pinching the sticks between your index finger or thumb or by just using your thumb on it’s own. In general whatever radio you choose you should read some reviews to check if they are pinch or thumb friendly.

Thumbers typically want shorter sticks and a narrower radio so that they can grip the back.

A pincher will want longer travel but will have to beware of any potential switches they could knock by accident. They may also require a neck strap.

Switches

drone-transmitter-switches

Transmitters don’t just have gimbals, they typically have an array of switches you can use for arming and changing flight modes etc.

Switches come in two or three position forms as well as sliders however as mini quad pilots we don’t really need too many compared with aircraft flyers or our photography friends.

I would suggest having a radio with four configurable switches will cover everything you could ever need.

Transmitter Channels

Speaking of switches each one will require it’s own channel and the gimbals require two (each one for each direction). That means a six channel radio will only let you use the gimbals and two switches even if it has more. Higher end radios will give you up to 16 channels which is more than you can ever need. If you are planning anything special make sure you have enough channels free to make it all possible.

Telemetry

So far we have covered how the radio talks to the quad but some quads can actually talk back relaying important information such as battery voltage and signal strength. This information can either be displayed on a screen or read out by audibly by the remote to warn you when to land or when you are out of range. Having this read out audibly to you is great as you can focus on flying and won’t miss any warnings which could cause you to crash or lose a quad.

Flexibility

The more intelligent transmitters are extremely powerful allowing your radio to whatever you imagine. Any radio running Open Tx is highly programmable with logical switches and special functions. Here’s a few examples of what can be achieved besides playing snake on the radio:

> Want to put your own splash screen and run custom sound effects? Easy> Want your radio to register how long your quad is inverted for and count it out for you? Sure> Use your RF signal to track laps? No Problem

> Use Telemetry to speak to your flight controller and adjust the PIDs and filters in flight? Yup

If you are looking for something that really can do anything and are willing to put the time in you can’t go wrong here!

Module Bay

Many radios come with an external module bay which allows you to place a large array of standard RC sized modules in a completely different radio.Multiprotocol modules are also available which allow one radio to control nearly everything including toy drones with their own remotes.

Battery Life

High end radios will have built in Li-ion batteries with a built in charging circuit allowing you to charge your radio with a simple DC jack. These typically will last for days before they need charging and is most peoples preferred option.

The cheaper radios on the other hand may not come with batteries at all and run on AA batteries. This is something worth considering when buying a budget radio is it may cost you more than you’d expect in the long run.

The only advantage to this type of battery is that they are readily available and can be swapped with little down time. In the middle you category of radios that can run off lipo batteries but they will require you to charge them separately.

On the plus side you get the long battery life at a low cost however you also have to source, charge and manage a lipo yourself. Some radios may also come with NiMH batteries which will not last as long.

Mod Options

best-rc-transmitter-fpv

Talking about batteries brings us onto mods nicely. If you were to go to a race or just a meetup for experienced pilots you may notice that none of them are running stock transmitters. Many users in the FPV community mod their transmitters to meet their specific requirements weather that be functionally or aesthetically.

My personal radio has a slot for 18650 Li-ion batteries, upgraded gimbals, larger stick ends and a aesthetic touch ups to the switches and antennas.

The basic FlySky i6 can be modified to have 10 channel IBUS with even a voltage alarm with some basic solder skills.

Many common mods include:

Antenna mods to increase rangeBattery mods to increase life or improve chargingSwitch and Gimbal mods to improve the feelAesthetic mods such as paint or hydro dipping to give a custom lookModule mods to support alternative protocolsGrips/stands for supportSoftware mods for added functionality

Final Recommendation

As your radio is another component you can’t crash (unless you drop it!) I would suggest spending a reasonable amount of money on one. Features like telemetry could literally make the difference between losing a quad or draining the battery too far which could save you a small fortune. Typically pilots use a remote for years where as new quad could be completely destroyed after a few months.If budget really is a factor then you do still have some solid options and they will in no way stop you from having a great FPV experience! If you do choose to upgrade in the future bear in mind that you will have to change all of your receivers which could cost you a small fortune. 

DN

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